Shirin Vafaei1, Ryohei Fukuma1, 2, 3, Huixiang Yang2, Haruhiko Kishima1, Takufumi Yanagisawa1, 2, 31 Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan2 Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Suita, Japan3 ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Seika-cho, JapanKeywordsAbstractDeveloping algorithms for accurate and comprehensive neural decoding of mental contents is one of the long cherished goals in the field of neuroscience and brain-machine interfaces. Previous studies have demonstrated the feasibility of neural decoding by training machine learning models to map brain activity patterns into a semantic vector representation of stimuli. These vectors, hereafter referred as pretrained feature vectors, are usually derived from semantic spaces based solely on image and/or text features and therefore they might have a totally different characteristics than how visual stimuli is represented in the human brain, resulting in limiting the capability of brain decoders to learn this mapping. To address this issue, we propose a representation learning framework, termed brain-grounding of semantic vectors, which fine-tunes pretrained feature vectors to better align with the neural representation of visual stimuli in the human brain. We trained this model this model with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of 150 different visual stimuli categories, and then performed zero-shot brain decoding and identification analyses on 1) fMRI and 2) magnetoencephalography (MEG). Interestingly, we observed that by using the brain-grounded vectors, the brain decoding and identification accuracy on brain data from different neuroimaging modalities increases. These findings underscore the potential of incorporating a richer array of brain-derived features to enhance performance of brain decoding algorithms.