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Encyclopedia of the OTTOMAN EMPIRE - Gábor Ágoston Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. Bruce Masters Wesleyan University, Connecticut ( TURKS EMPIRE)
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An encyclopedia is by its nature a collaborative work, and this one is noexception—indeed, to a greater extent than we could have imagined whenembarking on the project. Initially the editors planned to write the lion’sshare of the entries for this volume, commissioning only the articles that wedid not feel competent to write ourselves. As the process unfolded, however,we ended up commissioning a substantial part of the work, ordering articlesfrom more than 90 colleagues. These submissions were all handled by GáborÁgoston, who wishes to express his gratitude to the contributors who sharedtheir expertise with us and braved many rounds of revision and clarification.Our editors at Facts On File, Claudia Schaab (executive editor), JuliaRodas (editor), and Kate O’Halloran (copy editor) rigorously vetted, queried, and edited the text; we wish to thank them for their meticulous workon the volume. Thanks also go to Alexandra Lo Re (editorial assistant);Dale Williams and Sholto Ainslie (map designers), as well as to JamesScotto-Lavino and Kerry Casey (desktop designers), who reproduced andsharpened our photos.Some entries were written originally in Turkish and translated intoEnglish. The substantial work involved in re-writing and editing these articleswas done with the help of a number of talented graduate and undergraduate students at Georgetown University. Elizabeth Shelton worked the moston these articles, but I also got help from Ben Ellis, and Emrah Safa Gürkan translated two articles from French. As part of Georgetown University’sUndergraduate Research Opportunity Program (GUROP), Anoush Varjabedian and Jon Gryskiewicz edited several entries, and Wafa Al-Sayed searchedthe Library of Congress and other public domain sites for illustrations.Finally, I wish to thank Kay Ebel and Scott Redford, directors of Georgetown University’s McGhee Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies inAlanya (Turkey), for their collegiality during my stay in Alanya in the spring2008, when I finished the second round of editing. Most of the photos weretaken during our field trips to Bursa, Edirne, Istanbul, Syria and Cyprus. KayEbel helped me in selecting the photos and writing the captions, and to getthrough the last phases of the work.—Gábor Ágoston

Bruce Masters 001-611_Ottoman_tx.indd 311 Khayr al-Din Pasha 311 Further reading: Joseph Rahme, Abd al-Rahman alKawakibis Reformist Ideology, Arab Pan-Islamism, and the Internal Other. Journal of Islamic Studies 10 (1999) 15977. khan See caravansary.
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Khayr al-Din Pasha (Tunuslu Hayreddin) (d. 1889) grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire and Tunisian political reformer Known in Ottoman Turkish as Tunuslu (the Tunisian) Hayreddin, Khayr al-Din Pasha was a leading advocate of political reform in Tunis and later in the Ottoman Empire. He was born in the 1820s into an Abkhaz family, part of an ethnic group living in the Caucasus region of Russia. When his father was killed fighting the Russians, his mother sent him to be a mamluk in Istanbul. There he eventually entered the household of Ahmed Bey, the ruler of Tunis. Ahmed Bey gave Khayr al-Din a Western education and then sent his young protg to Paris where he was involved in a protracted legal affair involving claims of a former Tunisian minister against Ahmed Bey. The four years Khayr al-Din spent in Paris proved formative; living in the West, he concluded that Muslim countries needed to modernize politically and economically if they were to retain their independence.
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Upon his return to Tunis, Khayr al-Din was appointed by the bey to head the Ministry of the Navy. He also served on the board that promulgated Tuniss constitution in 1860 and was involved in diplomatic maneuvers in Istanbul, trying to convince the sultan to recognize the hereditary right of the Husayni line to the governorship of Tunis. In return, the bey of Tunis would acknowledge Ottoman sovereignty and pay a yearly tribute. But the sultan was not in a position to anger France, which had colonial designs on Tunis, and he demurred. Between 1873 and 1877, Khayr al-Din served as prime minister of Tunis and tried to implement civil and religious reforms. Muslim traditionalists and European interests succeeded in blocking most of his schemes, but Khayr al-Din did succeed in setting up a modern school where European languages and the sciences would be taught. That model would serve as the foundation of a modern school system for the entire country.
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His brash style and zeal for reform, however, won him few friends at court. In 1877 the French consul in Tunis, Theodore Roustan, formed an alliance with Mustafa ibn Ismail, a close friend of Ahmed Bey, that succeeded in getting Khayr al-Din dismissed from office and his constitution suspended. Khayr al-Din then went to Istanbul and, in December 1878, was made grand vizier. He only lasted in that position a few months, however, before his push for wider reforms clashed with the vision 11/4/08 3:17:38 PM 312 khedive
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