65 By 1970 women were entering the professions in some numbersthe legal profession, for one. The most dramatic victory for women was passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, and its ratification in 1920. The amendment provided that neither the state nor the federal government could deny or abridge the right to vote on account of sex. A few states had already granted women the right to vote; others had granted at least limited rights: in Connecticut, for example, women could vote in school board elections. After 1920 a few women began to appear in Congress and in state legislatures. There were never more than a few. During the Depression, many women lost their jobs; the idea was that the husband was and ought to be the family breadwinner, especially at a time when there was little bread to win. Women clustered at the bottom end of the pay scale; the Social Security Act of 1935 excluded farmworkers and domestic servants; this le

Rosie the Riveter and her sisters had good factory jobs during the Second World War, because the men were off fighting; but many of these jobs ended when the war ended. Statute books still contained lots of protective statutesabout womens hours,

In New York, for example, a statute of 1912 provided that no factory, store, or mill could knowingly employ a female or permit a female to be employed therein within four weeks after she has given birth to a child.66 Pennsylvania, in the early part of the century, had an elaborate statute on female labor. Women were not to work more than a fifty-four-hour week, or more than a ten-hour day. No night work in any manufacturing establishment, except for clerical or stenographic work. Women had to have at least a forty-five-minute lunch break. Companies had to provide seats, and suitable wash and dressingrooms and water-closets, or privies. They had to supply clean and pure drinking water. No women were to work in coal mines.67 No women were allowed to sell liquor; and no hotel, tavern, or restaurant was to employ any female as a lady conversationalist, or hire women to attract men to such places.68 The Connecticut statutesright up to the time of the civil

69 No state required women to wear a shadur or dress modestly; but Michigan, for example, made it unlawful for a woman to work as a barkeeper, or to serve liquor, or to furnish music, or dance in any saloon or barroom.70 These statutes exalted women, or imprisoned them, depending how one looks at it. Interestingly, the Pennsylvania statute on vagrants and tramps stated specifically that the act was not to apply to any female.71 It was acceptable, after all, for a woman not to work, or to depend on a man for her bread and butter; and the idea of a woman hobo was, apparently, unthinkable. All these statutes, mixing sentimentality and suppression, began to have a distinctly archaic ring, especially as more and more women were earning their livingand demanding their rights. Then, too, family structure (and family law) were changing. Step by step, attitudes began to shift, to match new social realities. The law t