Table A8 and statistically significant for all direct effects of SE and the fear of failure moderator in Table A7. In contrast, the results are similar in magnitude but statistically insignificant for the gender and human capital moderators in Table A7. Thus, the CEM results are consistent with our main findings, albeit weaker for some moderators than others. Nevertheless, the parameter 24 estimates are qualitatively similar.

5 Discussion Our objective was to provide theoretical and empirical insights into whether and how natural disasters affect SE. With respect to whether natural disasters affect SE, our analysis of 107,386 observations across 30 countries revealed that natural disaster intensity has a positive effect on individuals likelihood to enter SE. We used ABV to understand how natural disasters affect SE. ABV highlights external effects on individuals attention allocation rely on personal attributes (Ocasio et al., 2018). Our analysis revealed the positive effect of natural disaster intensity on SE is stronger for men, those with low human capital, and those who fear failure.

5.1 Contributions to and implications for the SE literature Our results extend the SE literature. Drawing on ABV, this study investigates the joint effects of a novel contextual factor (i.e., natural disaster intensity) and personal attributes (i.e., gender, human capital, and fear of failure) on individuals likelihood to enter SE, which develops a cross-level research model to draw a more comprehensive picture of the antecedents of SE. Since SE plays a pivotal role in addressing various social problems (Alvord et al., 2004; Bruton et al., 2021; Tobias et al., 2013), it is imperative to identify the factors driving individuals to engage in SE. The literature reveals both contextual and individual factors influence individuals likelihood to engage in SE (Hockerts, 2017; Hota, 2021). Yet, despite the importance of these studies, they have progressed in isolation and fail to depict how these two levels of factors

, 2012; Pathak and Muralidharan, 2018; Stephan et al., 2015). Building on this literature, we adopt ABV, which suggests individuals behaviors are jointly 25 determined by the context they are embedded in and their personal attributes, to construct a cross-level model. We find natural disasters may stimulate individuals to allocate attention to social problems and then has a positive effect on the likelihood to pursue SE, and this positive effect is stronger for men, individuals lacking human capital, and those who fear failure. In this regard, this study not only indicates context and personal attributes jointly determine individuals pursuit of SE but also lays a threshold over which to utilize ABV to explore the role of attention in SE. Hence, our study complements and extends the SE literature.