The release and widespread use of ChatGPT – a large language model (LLM) developedby OpenAI – has created significant public attention, chiefly due to its ability to quicklyprovide ready-to-use answers that can be applied to a vast amount of differentcontexts.These models hold masses of potential. Machine learning, once expected to handleonly mundane tasks, has proven itself capable of complex creative work. LLMs arebeing refined and new versions rolled out regularly, with technological improvementscoming thick and fast. While this offers great opportunities to legitimate businessesand members of the public it also can be a risk for them and for the respect offundamental rights as criminals and bad actors may wish to exploit LLMs for their ownnefarious purposes.In response to the growing public attention given to ChatGPT, the Europol InnovationLab organised a number of workshops with subject matter experts from across theorganisation to explore how criminals can abuse LLMs such as ChatGPT, as well as howit may assist investigators in their daily work. The experts who participated in theworkshops represented the full spectrum of Europol’s expertise, including operationalanalysis, serious and organised crime, cybercrime, counterterrorism, as well asinformation technology.Thanks to the wealth of expertise and specialisations represented in the workshops,these hands-on sessions stimulated discussions on the positive and negative potentialof ChatGPT, and collected a wide range of practical use cases. While these use cases donot reflect an exhaustive overview of all potential applications, they provide a glimpseof what is possible.The objective of this report is to examine the outcomes of the dedicated expertworkshops and to raise awareness of the impact LLMs can have on the work of the lawenforcement community. As this type of technology is undergoing rapid progress, thisdocument further provides a brief outlook of what may still be to come, and highlightsa number of recommendations on what can be done now to better prepare for it.Important notice: The LLM selected to be examined in the workshops was ChatGPT.ChatGPT was chosen because it is the highest-profile and most commonly used LLMcurrently available to the public. The purpose of the exercise was to observe thebehaviour of an LLM when confronted with criminal and law enforcement use cases.This will help law enforcement understand what challenges derivative and generativeAI models could pose.A longer and more in-depth version of this report was produced for law enforcementconsumption only.