Created at 9pm, Mar 11
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The Silk Roads: an ICOMOS Thematic Study by Tim Williams on behalf of ICOMOS 2014
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297
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The Silk Road (Chinese: 絲綢之路)[1] was a network of Eurasian trade routes active from the second century BCE until the mid-15th century.[2] Spanning over 6,400 kilometers (4,000 miles), it played a central role in facilitating economic, cultural, political, and religious interactions between the East and West.[3][4][5] The name \'Silk Road\', first coined in the late 19th century, has fallen into disuse among some modern historians in favor of Silk Routes, on the grounds that it more accurately describes the intricate web of land and sea routes connecting Central, East, South, Southeast, and West Asia as well as East Africa and Southern Europe.[2]The Silk Road derives its name from the highly lucrative trade of silk textiles that were produced almost exclusively in China. The network began with the Han dynasty's expansion into Central Asia around 114 BCE through the missions and explorations of the Chinese imperial envoy Zhang Qian, which brought the region under unified control. The Parthian Empire provided a bridge to East Africa and the Mediterranean. By the early first century CE, Chinese silk was widely sought-after in Rome, Egypt, and Greece.[2] Other lucrative commodities from the East included tea, dyes, perfumes, and porcelain; among Western exports were horses, camels, honey, wine, and gold. Aside from generating substantial wealth for emerging mercantile classes, the proliferation of goods such as paper and gunpowder greatly altered the trajectory of various realms, if not world history.During its roughly 1,500 years of existence, the Silk Road endured the rise and fall of numerous empires and major events such as the Black Death and the Mongol conquests. As a highly decentralized network, security was sparse. Travelers faced constant threats of banditry and nomadic raiders, and long expanses of inhospitable terrain. Few individuals crossed the entirety of the Silk Road, instead relying on a succession of middlemen based at various stopping points along the way. In addition to goods, the network facilitated an unprecedented exchange of ideas, religions (especially Buddhism), philosophies, and scientific discoveries, many of which were syncretised or reshaped by the societies that encountered them.[6] Likewise, a wide variety of people used the routes. Diseases such as plague also spread along the Silk Road, possibly contributing to the Black Death.[7]

Another obvious omission is the mining and extractive industries. The extraction of minerals, to support craft production on the Silk Roads, was an important element in developing specific industries and products. At present these sites/landscapes are poorly understood and certainly under-represented in both academic studies and heritage protection. 6.3.5 Category 3 Outcomes 6.3.5.1 Cities/towns Cites are integral to capturing the complexity of the outcomes, infrastructure and often the modes of production of the Silk Roads. The scale and complexity of cities along the Silk Roads is phenomenal. Within the currently defined geographic and chronological scope there are c 276 major cities and towns in the SR database, ranging from mega-cities like Antioch, Merv and Changan, to substantial regional centres. Some of the larger/best surviving cities are already nominated (Table 2), but these only represent a small sub-sample of the extraordinary r
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The forms of urban space varied considerably over both time and space. Spatially, there are differences between the eastern Mediterranean, with its classical traditions, as opposed to the cities found in western and central Asia, created by the interplay between the spread of classical influences, initially during the Hellenistic expansion, with a complex mix of rectilinear street networks, classic public buildings and spaces, and densely packed urban housing, but also reflecting features of pre-existing Asian urbanism, such as large open areas in the corners of cities. The character of the cities also reflected local adaption to building materials, particularly the use of earthen architecture, and in many areas the lack of good building stone. They also reflect differing styles of architecture and religious buildings. All of this produced some significant crossovers and blends. Further east, we see v
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There were also different attitudes to urban and suburban, the location of industrial production, the location of the elite in the urban space, etc. The nature of the cities along the Silk Roads also changed over time, including the growth of discrete neighbourhood planning in the Islamic city (Bennison & Gascoigne 2007; Wheatley 2001; Whitcomb 2007), the increasing role of order, uniformity and rank in the Chinese city (Sit 2010; Wheatley 1971), or the changing location of palatial complexes in many forms of urbanism, away from the core to periphery of the urban area. 49 | Page It will be difficult to break this up to try to capture the Hellenised/classical city; the Central Asia qala, the early Islamic city, the Imperial heavenly city, etc. However, that is exactly what a thematic approach will
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This needs to capture all of the key elements/forms, and also the key chronological and social developments: so a selection or corridors across different geo-climatic areas, reflecting the varying chronological shifts in emphasis along the routes, will help to ensure that the wider range of responses are
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