The consensus is that these two sentences are true under exactly the same conditions. If that is so, then our analysis of sentences involving every should look similar in many respects to those for conditionals. Weve seen semantic rules for other determiners, and so we may well expect similarities between them and the semantic rule for every. Bearing those facts in mind, look at Figure 10.34. Relative to the previous determiner rules, whats dierent about this rule is that, like the if-rule, it takes a tree apart and arranges the subparts Linking Form and Meaning: Grammars S NP VP becomes Det N every name x S name(x) x VP Figure 10.34 The semantic rule for every. in smaller DRSs. Processing then continues within the smaller DRSs. Figure 10.35 gives a complete sequence of steps in the processing of Every dog barked.

Exercises Exercise 10.20: Sketch a model in which Every dog barked is false, and one in which its true. Exercise 10.21: The syntactic rule for conditionals given above allows some pretty bizarre sentences, particularly if you use the rule for if a lot. Find a few such examples. What is your judgment of their grammaticality? Exercise 10.22: What are your intuitions about the truth or otherwise 269 270

Chapter 10 of conditionals in which the rst sentence is not true? Exercise 10.23: The semantic rule for every can only allow us to interpret congurations in which that word appears in the subject NP (i.e. the one directly below S). Sketch a semantic rule to provide an interpretation of NPs appearing as objects of transitive verbs (i.e. appearing next to V1). Can you then give an interpretation for Every dog chases every cat? Explain your reasoning. Exercise 10.24: How does the interpretation of conditionals above compare with human interpretations of the four-card problem? Exercise 10.25: We havent given an analysis for Etta is angry. What rules would you need to supply to do this? Hints: Angry is an adjective, and you will need a new syntactic rule to introduce is and the category of adjectives.

Exercise 10.26: Consider the sentence Every angry dog barked. Write down a DRS and construct models that should allow you to assess whether the DRS is a good logical form of the sentence (i.e. the models that make the DRS true should match your intuitions about how the world would be if the sentence were true). Do the semantic rules that you devised for the previous exercise allow you to construct the DRS you have written from the syntactic tree? Why not? Exercise 10.27: Compare the interpretations of the two sentences If a dog chased a bird, a dog caught a bird and If a dog chased a bird, the dog caught the bird. What relationship holds between models in which these sentences are true, and why?