METU Earthquake Engineering Research Center Center 38 Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on February 6, 2023 Kahramanmara-Pazarck (Mw=7.7) and Elbistan (Mw=7.6) Earthquakes 4. 1. 6. Tunnels Tunnel structures in general performed well during and after the event. Except for minor damage observed in Erkenek tunnel lining, no major deformations were mapped. Some pictures from ongoing Bahe-Nurda railway tunnel construction site are shown in Figure 4.8. The structural and geotechnical performance of them is reported to be superior. More about tunnels will be discussed in Chapter 6. Figure 4.8. Bahe-Nurda railway tunnels under construction in Nurda/ Gaziantep (37.16989N, 36.70806E)

METU Earthquake Engineering Research Center Center 39 Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on February 6, 2023 Kahramanmara-Pazarck (Mw=7.7) and Elbistan (Mw=7.6) Earthquakes 4. 1. 7. Landslides Several landslides with dimensions varying from a scale of a couple of meters to hundreds of meters were documented as part of reconnaissance studies. Some of these are shown in Figures 4.9 (a) through (c). (a) (b) (c) Figure 4.9. Some examples of slope stability problems in a) Glba/ Adyaman (37.79783N, 37.66232E), b) Yolba District / Adyaman (37.81806N, 37.63297E), c) Belen / Hatay (36.48363N, 36.27158E)

METU Earthquake Engineering Research Center Center 40 Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on February 6, 2023 Kahramanmara-Pazarck (Mw=7.7) and Elbistan (Mw=7.6) Earthquakes 4. 1. 8. Ground Deformations Along the route, several ground deformations either due to primary, secondary, or tertiary faulting or due to seismic soil liquefaction were mapped. Figures 4.10 (a) through (d) display these ground deformations. (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 4.10. Observation of surface rupture trace in a) Balkar / Adyaman (37.73610N, 37.56842E), b) Erenler District / slahiye / Gaziantep (37.03931N, 36.62868E), E), c) Yavuz Selim District / Adyaman (37.79645N, 37.66021E), d) Balkar / Adyaman (37.73492N, 37.56617)

METU Earthquake Engineering Research Center Center 41 Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on February 6, 2023 Kahramanmara-Pazarck (Mw=7.7) and Elbistan (Mw=7.6) Earthquakes 4. 1. 9. Faulting induced Pipeline breakage Pipelines were observed to be damaged after the earthquakes and some examples of the damaged pipeline and cables are shown in Figures 4.11 (a) and (b). (a) (b) Figure 4.11. Pipeline damages in a) Erenler District / slahiye / Gaziantep (36.04621N, 36.62936E), b) ay District / skenderun / Hatay (36.59038N, 36.17893E) Acknowledgments: We would like to acknowledge the funding provided for the fieldwork by The Scientific and Technological Research Institution of Turkiye (TBTAK) 1002-C Natural Disasters-Focused Fieldwork Emergency Support Program (Doal Afetler Odakl Saha almas Acil Destek Program).