Carbon dioxide (CO2) has the second-largest direct contribution to the greenhouse effect of all gases. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, theburning of fossil fuels has contributed to the increase in carbon dioxide in theatmosphere. Moreover, national CO2 emissions are strongly linked to wealth, anda global strategic goal should be to prevent growth at the expense of sustainability. A large proportion of CO2 production arises from industrial activities.Therefore, meeting market demands whilst reducing the impact on climatechange is critically important for industry.To meet the challenge of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions, industryhas responded in most countries, and as a result GHG emissions from industryhave substantially decreased in recent years. However, the targets for reductionsare very ambitious, and more remains to be done. Thus the idea of “sustainablegrowth” has taken hold. New technologies are being developed to counter GHGemissions, and the new industrial biotechnology should be seen as part of thetechnology toolkit.Industrial biotechnology, based on renewable resources, can save energy andsignificantly reduce CO2 emissions. It is an embryonic industry, but has alreadyproven its worth in climate change mitigation. It holds much greater promise forthe future by avoiding the use of fossil raw materials. It involves the use ofenzymes and microorganisms to make biobased products in a diverse variety ofindustry sectors. The feedstocks are agricultural biomass and organic wastematerials, even wastewaters.