Because /ʒ/ is a sibilant consonant, adding any of the suffixes regular nounplural and third person singular person tense verb (both spelt wherethe stem ends in , otherwise ) and regular singular and irregularplural possessive (spelt <’s>) to a stem ending in /ʒ/ adds a syllable /ɪz/ aswell as a morpheme: massages, (the) Raj’s (collapse). See also /z/, section3.7.8, and /ɪ/, section 5.4.3.As spellings of /ʒ/, occur only medially and immediately after thestressed syllable, and are preceded by a vowel, and is always followedby . Almost all spellings with are followed by <-on>, e.g. vision,but there are a few others, namely crosier, hosier(y), osier.Although Carney gives 91% for combined, it is clear that thegreat majority of these must be spellings, since there are rather fewwords with /ʒ/ spelt and a large number with /ʒ/ spelt . This iswhy I have classified /ʒ/ spelt as a rare grapheme.Treating as the regular spelling of word-final /ʒ/ is justified bythe first six words of French origin listed above: here the preceding vowelphonemes (plus the /n/ in melange) are represented without the aid of theword-final . In the other 19 words is clearly still spelling /ʒ/, butit is necessary (and parallels other parts of the analysis) to analyse the as also forming part of the split digraphs spelling /ɑː, iː, uː/(even though the last two correspondences have only one instance withincluded each) – for dual-functioning see section 7.1. Then I analysethe /e/ in cortege as spelt only by the first because it is a short voweland no short vowels (in my analysis) are spelt by split digraphs – seesection A.6 in Appendix A. Then has to be recognised as a graphemespelling /ʒ/ separate from because of the few words listed where thiscorrespondence occurs initially and medially and the following vowel lettersare obviously (involved in) separate graphemes.The spelling is also used to represent /ʒ/, but because this occursonly in transcriptions of Russian names, e.g. Zhivago, Zhores, I have notadded it to the inventory of graphemes.At Open Book Publishers, we are changing the nature of the traditionalacademic book. The title you have just read will not be left on a libraryshelf, but will be accessed online by hundreds of readers each month acrossthe globe. We make all our books free to read online so that students,researchers and members of the public who can’t afford a printed editioncan still have access to the same ideas as you.Our digital publishing model also allows us to produce supplementarymaterial online, including extra chapters, reviews, links and other digitalresources. Find Dictionary of the English Spelling System on our website toaccess its online extras. Please check this page regularly for ongoing updates,and join the conversation by leaving your own comments:http://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/325If you enjoyed this book and feel that research like this should be availableto all readers, regardless of their income, please think about donating tous. Our company is run entirely by academics, and our publishing decisionsare based on intellectual merit and public value rather than on commercialviability. We do not operate for profit, and all donations, as with all otherrevenue we generate, will be used to finance new open access publications.For further information about what we do, how to donate to OBP,additional digital material related to our titles or to order our books,please visit our website: www.openbookpublishers.com
/ju/ not spelt <u>: beauty; feudal, leukaemia, neurosis, pseudo; skewer; nuisance /u/ not spelt <u>: leeward pronounced /luwd/; pleurisy, rheumatism; brewer, jewel, sewage, sewer (foul drain); approval, movie and other derivatives of words with /u/ spelt <o.e>; manoeuvre; bazooka, booby, boodle, boogie, boomerang, booty, canoodle, coolie, doodle(bug), googly, hoodoo, hoopoe, loony, moolah, noodle, oodles, poodle, voodoo; accoutrement, acoustic, boudoir, boulevard, bouquet, boutique, carousel, coulomb, cougar, coupon, croupier, goulash, insouciance, louvre, moussaka, oubliette, outr, ouzo, rouble, roulette, routine, silhouette, soubrette, souffl, souvenir, toucan, toupee, troubadour, trousseau, voussoir; denouement; gruesome, muesli, Tuesday.
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226Dictionary of the British English Spelling System But the generalisation seems mainly sound for stem words. It is particularly strong for /, ju/ spelt <o, u>; the only exceptions Ive been able to find are the 13 and 7 respectively just listed. Its weakest for /i/ spelt <e>, where there are over 1000 exceptions, and there are of course other instances in derived forms, e.g. (to name just a few) mould-er/y, moult-ed/ing, fewer, hewer. For how the <e>-deletion rule makes many derived forms conform to this rule see the next section. 6.4 <e>-deletion (Part 2 of double, drop or
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2 and the next section. The main rule for dropping a word-final letter <e> when adding a suffix is easily stated: In words which end in <e> preceded by a consonant letter, drop the <e> before suffixes beginning with a vowel letter. Examples: arousal, arrival, assemblage, baker, behaviour, chaplain, collegial, convalescent, debatable, drudgery, forcible, hated, muscly (!), revival, rousing, storage, surety, treasury, wiry, writing. Note that: when the suffix begins with <e> (past tense and participle <-ed>, agentive or comparative adjective-forming <-er>, superlative adjective-forming or archaic second person singular person tense ending <-est>, archaic third person singular person tense ending <-eth>, verb singular or noun plural <-es>, adjective-forming
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<-ent>, noun-forming <-ery, -ety>), technically the <e> of the stem is dropped and replaced by the <e> of the suffix, even though it looks simply as though <d, r, st, th, s, nt, ry, ty> has been added. A few quite odd words belong here, e.g. bizarrery, freer, freest, weer, weest (comparative and superlative forms of the adjectives free, wee), freest, freeth, seest, seeth (/frijst, frij, sijst, sij/, archaic second and third person singular present tense forms of the verbs free, see), sightseer /satsij/. In the words containing <e, e> those two letters, unusually, do not form a digraph; <e>-deletion makes many words in which it applies (including arrival, collegial, debatable, hated, revival and writing) conform to
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